东莞29事件:全国通用《中学英语同义词词典》——3

来源:百度文库 编辑:偶看新闻 时间:2024/04/28 07:39:25
 

                           first & at first

first  用来说明顺序,意为……” ,暗示接下去还有其他动作或事件要发生,因此其后往往接有( 或暗示有) then, next, last  等词;而 at first ( 起初,  开始) 则强调前后对照,暗示接下去的动作与前面的动作不同甚至相反,因此常有 but, afterwards, soon, at last  等相呼应。比较:

Think first, then act.  先想清楚再行动。

I’ll have to finish my homework first.  我得先把作业做完。

At first I didn’t want to go, but I soon changed my mind.  我开始不想去,但我很快就改变了主意。

The work was hard at first, but I got used to it.  起初这活儿很累,不过后来我习惯了。

注:at first  除以上用法外,其他场合一般不用它,如以下各句中的 first  均不能用 at first  替换:

Ladies first.  女士优先。

That’s mine  - I saw it first.  那是我的,是我先看见的。

When did you first meet him?  你第一次见他是什么时候?

 

first & firstly

1. first  的用法较广,可表示第一首先首次最初 等。如:

Who came first?  谁第一个来?

First come, first served.  先到先服务;先到先有。

I first met her ten years ago.  我第一次见她是在10  年前。

2. firstly  主要用于列举( 也可用 first) 。如:

First(ly), what he says is not true.  第一,他的话有假。

Frist(ly), we need somewhere to live. Second(ly), we need to find work. And third(ly), ...  第一,我们需要有地方住。第二,我们需要找工作。第三,……

 

fit & suit

两者都可表示适合 ,区别如下:

1. fit  表示适合合身( 及物或不及物) ,主要是指尺寸、大小、形状等方面的适合。如:

Her coat fits (her) perfectly.  她的大衣很合身。

The key doesn’t fit the lock.  这把钥匙打不开这把锁。

2. suit  表示适合 ,主要指款式或花色等方面的适合。如:

Do you think that this style suits me?  你觉得这种款式适合我穿吗?

Red and black are colours that suit me very well.  红色和黑色都是适合我穿的颜色。

比较:

This dress doesn’t fit me. Have you got a larger size?  这件连衣裙不合我的身,你有大一点尺寸的吗?

This dress doesn’t suit me. Have you got another style?  这件连衣裙不适合我穿,你还有其他的式样吗?

 

floor & storey

两者均可表示楼层,但有区别:floor  侧重指楼房的层面,通常是针对建筑物的内部而言的;而 storey  则侧重指楼层的高度,通常是从建筑物的外部看上去而言的。如:

This skyscraper has 90 storeys.  这座摩天大楼有 90  层。

These hotels have bathrooms on every floor.  这些旅馆每层楼上都有浴室。

比较并体会以下各句:

Our office is on the 6th floor of a ten-storeyed building.  我们的办公室在一座 10  层楼房的第 6  层上。

The building is 15 storeys high but only six floors are occupied.  这座楼房共有 15  层,但只有 6  层在使用。

注:有时两者均可用,但所搭配的介词不同,即在 floor  前通常用介词 on ( 因为 floor  侧重层面) storey  前通常用介词 in ( 因为 storey  侧重楼层的高度或空间) 。如:

I live on the second floor. / I live in the second storey.  我住在二楼。

不过,在现代英语中,有时 storey  也可用来表示层面,且也可搭配介词 on 。如:

I live on the third storey of a block of flats.  我住在公寓楼的第 3  层上。

 

foolish, stupid & silly

1.  三者在含义上的区别:foolish  通常指无头脑,缺乏常识或判断力,相当汉语的愚蠢stupid  指智力、理解力或学习能力很差,相当汉语的silly  指头脑简单,傻头傻脑或令人发笑,相当于汉语的 。如:

I was foolish enough to believe him.  我真蠢,竟然相信了他的话。

She is a silly woman, but not a stupid one.  她是个头脑简单的女人,但不能算笨。

2.  若不考虑其含义和语气的轻重,三者均可用于以下句型:

她说出那样的话来,真是太蠢( 笨,傻) 了。

正:It was foolish (stupid, silly) of her to say that.

正:She was foolish (stupid, silly) to say that.

上面第一句句首的 it  为形式主语,不能改为 that 。但是若以上句型后面不出现不定式,那么句首的 it  也可换为 that 。如:

你太蠢( 笨,傻) 了。

正:It’s very foolish (stupid, silly) of you.

正:That’s very foolish (stupid, silly) of you.

 

for & to

1.  两者都可以引出间接宾语,但要根据不同的动词分别选用介词 to  或 for

(1)  在 give, pass, hand, lend, send, tell, bring, show, pay, read, return, write, offer, teach, throw  等之后接介词 to 。如:

请把那本字典递给我。

正:Please hand me that dictionary.

正:Please hand that dictionary to me.

她去年教我们的音乐。

正:She taught us music last year.

正:She taught music to us last year.

(2)  在 buy, make, get, order, cook, sing, fetch, play, find, paint, choose,prepare, spare  等之后用介词 for  。如:

他为我们唱了首英语歌。

正:He sang us an English song.

正:He sang an English song for us.

请帮我把钥匙找到。

正:Please find me the keys.

正:Please find the keys for me.

能耽搁你几分钟吗 ( 即你能为我抽出几分钟吗)?

正:Can you spare me a few minutes?

正:Can you spare a few minutes for me?

注:有的动词由于搭配和含义的不同,用介词 to  或 for  都是可能的。如:

do sb a favour do a favour for sb  帮某人的忙

do sb harm do harm to sb  对某人有害

在有的情况下,可能既不用介词 for  也不用介词 to ,而用其他的介词。如:

play sb a trick play a trick on sb  作弄某人

比较:play sb some folk songs play some folk songs for sb  给某人演奏民歌

有时同一个动词,由于用法不同,所搭配的介词也可能不同,如 leave sb sth  这一结构,若表示一般意义的为某人留下某物,则用介词 for  引出间接宾语,即说 leave sth for sb ;若表示某人死后遗留下某物,则用介词 to  引出间接宾语,即说 leave sth to sb 。如:

Would you like to leave him a message? / Would you like to leave a message for him?  你要不要给他留个话?

Her father left her a large fortune. / Her father left a large fortune to her.  她父亲死后给她留下了一大笔财产。

2.  两者均可表示目标、目的地、方向等,此时也要根据不同动词分别对待。如:

(1)  在 come, go, walk, move, fly, ride, drive, march, return  等动词之后通常用介词 to  表示目标或目的地。如:

He has gone to Shanghai.  他到上海去了。

They walked to a river.  他们走到一条河边。

(2)  在 leave, start, set out, set off, sail, head  等动词之后,通常用介词 for  表示方向。如:

He left [started] for Beijing.  他动身去北京了。

They set out [set off] for home.  他们动身回家了。

Our ship will sail for Shanghai tomorrow.  我们的船明天开往上海。

注:在某些名词之后也通常用介词 for( 有时也用 to)  表示方向或目的地。如:

Is this the train for [to] Paris?  这是开往巴黎的火车吗?

Passengers for Oxford must change at Didcot.  前往牛津的旅客必须在迪德考特换车。

3.  在某些结构中 to  和 for  都可用,但含义截然不同。如:

answer to  符合      answer for  保证

make up to  巴结      make up for  弥补

go to him  到他那儿去   go for him  去迎接他

thanks to  多亏       thanks for  多谢

4.  在某些结构中,用 to  或 for  均可,意义大致相同,但性质不同:to  是不定式符号( 不是介词) for  是介词。如:

It’s time for supper [to have supper].  该吃晚饭了。

We are ready for it [to do it].  我们已准备好做此事。

He’s fit for the work [to do the work].  他适合做这工作。

5.  介词 to  和 for  均可表示……( 来说)” 这一意义,以下几点需注意:

(1)  在necessary, good, easy, difficult, hard, impossible, suited, suitable, pleasant  等形容词之后,两者均可用,有时区别不大,有时区别较大。如:

Meat is necessary to [for] us all.  肉对我们大家都是必要的。

Such food is good for health.  那样的食物对身体有好处。

You should be good to her.  你应该好好对她。

注:在形容词之后若接不定式时,通常用介词 for  来引出该不定式的逻辑主语。如:

It’s very hard for her to drive a lorry.  对她来说驾驶一辆卡车是很困难的。

有时形容词之后接介词 for ,可认为是其后省略了一个不定式。如:

This lesson is too difficult for me (to understand).  这篇课文对我来说太难( 理解) 了。

介词 to  和 for  表示…… 来说 这一意义,有以下两种观点可以参考:

观点一:to  通常只表示一般意义的…… 来说”( 即其意义较泛) ;而 for  却含有比较、限制、区别的意味,它不仅表示…… 来说,而且还含有限于…… 来说只有对…… 来说 的意味。比较:

English prepositions are difficult to almost all Chinese teachers and students of English, but they are not so difficult for my sister.  英语介词对于中国几乎所有学英语的教师和学生来说都是很难的,但对于我姐姐来说并不算难。

The lioness is ugly to all of us, but she is a beauty for the lion.  在我们大家看来母狮是很难看的,但对雄狮来说她却很美。

观点二:to  强调主观,for  强调客观。如:

It was a useful lesson to [for] him.  这对他来说是一个有益的教训。

注:句中若用 to ,则表示”(him) 自己认为有用( 即主观) ;若用 for  则表示写这句话的人(the writer) 认为有用( 即客观) 。据此分析:to  不仅表示…… 来说,而且还暗示…… 看来 之意。

 

forget & leave

两者均可表示遗忘,其区别主要在于:forget  通常不能与表示地点的副词或短语连用,而 leave  在表示遗忘 时,则通常要与表示地点的状语连用。如:

Oh, I’ve forgotten my wallet.  噢,我忘记带钱包了。

Oh, I’ve left my wallet at home.  噢,我的钱包放在家里忘记带了。

 

forgive, excuse & pardon

1.  三者均可表示原谅 ,有时可换用。如:

Please excuse [forgive, pardon] me for not writing sooner.  请原谅我没有早点( 给你) 写信。

但严格说来,三者在语气上有较大差别:excuse  是普通用词, 语气较轻,主要用于日常社交中对一些轻微的过失表示道歉;forgive  比 excuse  语气稍重,并且带有较强的个人感情色彩,含有一旦 forgive  则怨恨消失且不加追究之意;pardon  语气最重,原指法律上的赦免 ,但在普通用法中也有免于惩罚或追究的意思。

2.  从句型上看:

(1) forgive, pardon  可接双宾语 (  excuse  一般不这样用) 。如:

Please forgive me my fault.  请原谅我的过错。

She pardoned him his faults.  她宽恕了他的过错。

(2)  三者之后接动词时通常都用动名词( 而不用不定式) 。如:

They forgave his being rude.  他们原谅了他的鲁莽。

Pardon my interrupting you.  对不起打扰你了。

Excuse my opening your letter by mistake.  请原谅我不小心拆了你的信。

注:以上各句均可用动词+sb for doing sth” 替换:

They forgave him for being rude.

Pardon me for interrupting you.

Excuse me for opening your letter by mistake.

不要按汉语原谅某人做某事 的意思,而在以上三个动词后接不定式的复合结构。如:

误:They forgave him to be rude.

误:Pardon me to interrupt you.

误:Excuse me to open your letter by mistake.

 

fortunate & lucky

两者均可表示幸运的,但 fortunate  比 lucky  更正式,多用于较重大的事情;而 lucky  则较口语化,多用于日常谈话中,且含有因侥幸或机缘而得到好运的意味。但若敝开此细微区别,两者在用法及句型搭配上有很多相似之处。具体应注意以下几点:

1.  以下几句均可说,且大致同义:

他很幸运有一位好妻子。

正:He is fortunate [lucky] in a good wife.

正:He is fortunate [lucky] in having a good wife.

正:He is fortunate [lucky] to have a good wife.

正:He is fortunate [lucky] enough to have a good wife.

正:It is fortunate [lucky] (for him) that he has a good wife.

但严格说来,以上结构有时有细微区别:后接不定式通常暗示主语的一种好运气,有时可能指一种侥幸;而后接 that  从句则通常指一件令人愉快的事情。比较:

He was lucky to pass the driving test.  他侥幸通过了驾驶考试 ( 暗示:He wasn’t really up to the standard)

It’s lucky that he passed the driving test.  很幸运,他通过了驾驶考试( 暗示:Now he can drive himself to the station, take the children to the seaside, etc)

2.  在某人+be fortunate [lucky] +不定式的一般式中,若 be  为一般现在时 is, are  等,其后的不定式通常为静态动词。如:

He is fortunate to have a lot of friends there.  他很幸运在那儿有很多朋友。

You are lucky to be alive after the accident.  你大难不死真是幸运。

但是,若该结构中的动词 be  为过去式(was, were)  或其后不定式不是一般式而是进行式或完成式等,则该不定式无此用静态动词的限制。如:

You are lucky [fortunate] to be going by air.  你要坐飞机去,真是幸运。

He is lucky [fortunate] to have escaped being caught.  他没被抓住,真是幸运。

He was lucky [fortunate] to escape being caught.  (同上)

但是一般不说:He is lucky [fortunate] to escape being caught.

 

free & freely

两者用作副词的区别是:free  主要表示免费地freely  主要表示无限制地自由地 。如:

Children can get into the museum free.  儿童可以免费进入博物馆参观。

You can travel free with this special ticket.  你用这张特别的票可以免费旅行。

You can travel freely to all parts of the country.  你可以自由地到这个国家的各个地方旅行。

注:free  用作副词表示免费地,在口语中通常可用介词短语 for free  代之。如:

We’ll do it for free.  我们干这活不收钱。

They got a great lunch, for free.  他们没花钱,中午美餐了一顿。

 

 

 

gain & earn

两者都可表示获得 ,其区别如下:

1. gain  主要是指通过努力或奋斗而获得某种有益的东西。如:

gain experience  获得经验    gain wealth  获得财富

gain a battle  打胜仗      gain a prize  获奖

gain a victory  获得胜利     gain knowledge  获得知识

gain happiness  获得幸福    gain full marks  获得满分

gain  有时可指体重、速度、钟表等增加加快 。如:

He’s gained five pounds recently.  最近他重了 5 磅。

My watch gains two minutes a day.  我的表每天快 2  分钟。

2. earn  主要指通过工作赚钱或与钱有关的东西。如:

Do you know how much he earns a month?  你知道他一个月赚多少钱吗?

She earns her living by singing in a nightclub.  她靠在夜总会唱歌谋生。

注:gain  通常不能用来表示通过工作赚钱。如:

他每周赚 30  美元。

误:He gains 30 dollars a week.

正:He earns 30 dollars a week.

另外,earn  有时也指获得自己应得到的东西。如:

He got what he had earned.  他得到了他应该得到的。

His honesty earned him great respect.  他因诚实而博得人们的尊敬。

 

game & match

1.  两者都可表示比赛,有时可换用。game  多用于美国英语,match  多用于英国英语。如:

The game [match] is very interesting.  比赛非常有趣。

Did they lose the game [match]?  他们输了比赛吗?

We watched the football match [game] on TV.  我们观看了电视上的足球赛。

表示运动会”( 尤其国际性运动会) ,一般要用 games 。如:

the Olympic Games  奥林匹克运动会  the Asian Games  亚运会

school games [=school sports]  校运会   等

表示运动会 games  用作主语时,其谓语动词用单数或复数均可,但以复数为多见。如:

The 1984 (Olympic) Games were [was] held in Los Angeles. 1984  年奥运会在( 美国) 洛杉矶举行。

2. game  除表示比赛 外,还经常用来表示游戏或运动等。如:

Children like to play games.  小孩子喜欢玩游戏。

His favourite game is golf.  他最喜欢的运动是高尔夫球。

注:game  表示运动或游戏,主要指球类运动以及棋类或牌类等,注意下列名词属于 sports  而不属于 games

boxing  拳击     climbing  爬山    diving  跳水

fencing  击剑     fishing  钓鱼     swimming  游泳

hunting  狩猎     jumping  跳高    rowing  划船

running  跑步    shooting  射击    skating  滑冰

weight-lifting  举重  horse-racing  赛马    等

游泳是一项非常有益于健康的运动。

误:Swimming is a very healthy game.

正:Swimming is a very healthy sport.

 

gaze, glare & stare

三个词均可表示注视凝视盯着看 ,区别如下:

1. gaze  指长时间地凝视,通常带有惊讶、赞赏、迷恋等含义。如:

We stood gazing at the falls.  我们站着凝视着那瀑布。

For hours he sat gazing at the stars.  好几个小时他坐在那儿凝望着天上的星星。

He gazed at me for a long time before he recognized who I was.  他注视着我,好久才认出我是谁。

2. glare  指怒目而视,常含有生气或威胁之意,主要强调愤怒、敌意等。如:

The angry father glared at his son.  这个生气的父亲怒视着儿子。

They didn’t fight, but stood there glaring at each other.  他们没有动武,只是站在那里怒目对视。

3. stare  指睁大眼睛看,含有好奇、诧异、无礼、恐惧等意味。如:

It’s rude to stare at people.  盯着人看是不礼貌的。

They all stared in amazement.  他们都惊讶得睁大了眼睛。

He was staring out over the fields.  他目不转睛地看着外面的田野。

注:stare  和 gaze  均可表示长时间的注视,但比较而言,stare  更强调注意力集中、睁大眼睛、目不转睛地看。

 

gift & present

1.  两者都可表示礼物 ,在现代英语中常可换用。如:

birthday (Christmas, wedding) gifts [presents]  生日( 圣诞,结婚) 礼物

两者的主要区别在于:gift  比 present  更正式,可指价值较小的礼物, 也可指价值相当大的礼物;而 present  则通常指花费不大的礼物。

2.  有人认为以下结构只能用 present ,其实在现代英语中也完全可用 gift 。如:

他送给我一块手表。

正:He made me a present [gift] of a watch.

正:He made a present [gift] of a watch to me.

注:上句中的 gift  或 present  均不宜直译为礼物 ,其意是指送人的东西或赠品。

除以上句型外,gift  还广泛用于将东西送人( 有时可能是将自己不要的东西送人) 的场合。如:

I wouldn’t take [have] it as [at] a gift.  这东西白送我我都不要。

In the examination paper Question 2 is a gift.  试卷上的第 2  题是送分的题目。

3.  汉语说送礼,英语可以用 give a present  或 present a gift ,前者为口语或非正式用语,后者是正式用语。送礼有时也可说成 send a present [gift]

 

give away, give out & give off

1. give away  和 give out  都可表示分发,但有区别:前者主要表示免费分发( 即赠送) ,而后者则表示一般性的分发或散发等。如:

He gave away all his pictures.  他把画全部送人了。

The teacher gave out the examination papers.  老师把试卷发了下来。

I saw a man giving out handbills in the street.  我在街上看见一个人在散发传单。

表示颁发 时,两者都可用。如:

The principal will give out diplomas.  校长将颁发文凭。

The mayor gave away the prizes at the school sports.  市长在校运会上颁发了奖品。

除以上意思外,两者还有很多彼此不相关的用法:

(1) give away  可表示泄露出卖 等。如:

He gave away the secret through carelessness.  他一时大意泄露了秘密。

I know you didn’t want to give your friend away.  我知道你不想出卖朋友。

(2) give out  可表示用完垮掉失灵 “ 公布 等。如:

Our money soon gave out.  我们的钱很快就用完了。

Her patience finally gave out.  她终于失去了耐心。

The chair gave out under the fat woman.  这个胖女人把椅子坐垮了。

Our car engine suddenly gave out.  我们汽车的发动机突然坏了。

It was given out that the President had been shot.  据称总统受到了枪击。

2. give out  和 give off  两者都可表示发出 光、热、声音、气味等,常可换用。如:

The wild flowers give off [out] a nice smell.  这些野花发出一股香味。

The chemical change gives off [out] heat and light.  这种化学变化发出热和光。

 

give in & give up

1.  两者都可表示交给,但有区别:give in  主要表示将某物( 如报告、试卷等) 呈交给有权受理此物的人;而 give up  通常只是  一般性地表示将某物让给、交给或献给他人或用作他用。如:

Give in your examination papers now.  现在把考卷交上来。

Names of contestants must be given in before the end of the month.  参赛者的名单必须在月底以前报上来。

He gave up his seat to an old man.  他给一位老人让座。

He gave up his life for his country.  他为祖国献身了。

The second floor was given up to sleeping rooms.  二楼划作寝室用。

注:表示呈交 give in  在美国英语中通常用 hand in  代之。另外,若 give up  后接反身代词,可指投案自首 。如:

He gave himself up to the police.  他向警察自首了。

2.  两者都可表示投降 ,有时可换用。如:

They gave up [in] without a fight.  他们不战而降。

When the enemy saw that they were surrounded, they gave up [in].  当敌人发现自己被包围时,就投降了。

但两者在表示其他类似意思时仍有区别:

(1) give in  主要表示在争论、竞争、斗争等当中作出让步或表示屈服等,此时的 give in  是不及物动词,表示…… 屈服或让步通常用介词 to 。如:

Don’t give in to him.  不要向他屈服。

But in the end they gave in.  但到最后他们还是让步了。

He has given in to my views.  他已经听从了我的意见。

(2) give up  的主要意思为放弃,它可指放弃某种希望,可指放弃做某事或拥有某物,也可指放弃做某事的尝试等;这样用的 give up  是及物动词,其后可接名词或动名词作宾语。如:

The doctors gave him up five years ago, but he is still alive.  医生 5  年前就对他放弃了希望,但他现在仍活着。

There you are at last! We’d given you up.  你终于来了,我们还以为你不来了呢!

He told me to give up smoking [cigarettes].  他叫我戒烟。

In fact I’ve given up this idea.  事实上我已放弃这个想法。

The boy was forced to give up school.  这孩子被迫辍学。

注:give up  还可表示在回答问题或猜谜语等场合表示认输。如:

I give up; tell me what the answer is.  我认输,告诉我答案吧。

 

glide, slide & slip

三者均可表示滑动 ,区别如下:

1. glide  主要指有意的、持续的、平稳的滑行,这种滑行可能是在一个平面上,也可能在空中或其它地方。如:

Silently the boat glided past.  小船悄然滑过。

The eagle glided across the sky.  老鹰在天空滑翔而过。

Boys like to glide down banisters.  男孩子喜欢从楼梯扶手上往下滑。

2. slide  主要表示某物在另一物表面的滑动,可能是有意的,也可能是无意的。如:

The ship slipped down into the water.  轮船滑入水中。

The book slid off the desk.  书从桌上滑了下来。

注:slide  还可表示悄悄地或偷偷地移动。如:

The thief slid out while no one was looking.  小偷乘没人注意时溜了出去。

3. slip  多指无意的、急速的、短距离的滑动,常有因不小心或失去平稳等造成之意。如:

He slipped and broke his leg.  他滑了一跤,把腿摔断了。

My knife slipped and cut my hand.  刀子一滑,割伤了我的手。

 

gold & golden

1.  在现代英语中,无论表示金质的还是金色的,通常都用gold 。如:

He bought a gold watch (ring) for her.  他为她买了只金表( 金戒指)

Do you like the gold car?  你喜欢这辆金色的汽车吗?

The sign was written in gold letters.  这招牌是金字写的。

有时也可用 golden  表示金质的金色的 ,但这在现代英语中已不多见,通常只限于少数表达中。如:

golden hair  金黄色的头发      a golden crown  金冕

golden apple  金苹果( 出自希腊神话) golden egg  金蛋( 出自伊索寓言)

2. golden  在现代英语中主要用于比喻义,表示宝贵的黄金般的 ( 这样用的 golden  主要用作定语) 。如:

The 18th century was the golden age of the novel. 18 世纪是小说的黄金时期。

I missed a golden chance [opportunity] to make a lot of money.  我错过了一次可以赚大钱的绝好机会。

有时引申指非常成功的很有前途的 。如:

He’s one of the company’s golden boys; sales have doubled since he took over as marketing director.  他是该公司非常成功的小伙,自他担任市场部主任以来,销售额已翻了一番。

golden  的其他用法:

golden rule  良好的行为准则  golden wedding  金婚( 结婚50 周年纪念)

 

good & well

1. good  只用作形容词,不用作副词,其副词形式用 well 。如:

He speaks good English. / He speaks English well.  他的英语说得好。

2. well  既可用作副词,也可用作形容词。用作形容词时,其用法很有限,只表示健康的恰当的令人满意的 等。如:

She is very well.  她身体很好。

Things are well with us.  我们事事如意。

注:一般说来,well  用作形容词时,只用作表语而不用作定语( 如上例) ,但在美国英语中,well  表示身体健康时有时也可用作定语。如:a well man ( 健康人)

3.  注意下面两组短语,含义相近,但搭配不同:

(1) be good at  意为擅长 。如:

He is good at languages.  他擅长学语言。

She is good at telling stories.  她擅于讲故事。

注:表示擅长某一学科时,可以用介词 in  代替 at 。如:

He is good at [in] maths.  他擅长数学。

但是若要表示擅长某一活动,则只能用 at  而不用 in 。如:

误:He is good in basketball.

正:He is good at basketball.  他的篮球打得好。

(2) do well in  意为…… 方面做得好擅长 。如:

She does well in history.  她的历史学得不错。

They all did very well in the examination.  他们这次都考得很不错。

4.  比较:as good as & as well as

(1)  用于本义,两者均可表示…… 一样好,但 good  是形容词,而 well  是副词。如:

他说英语说得跟她一样好。

正:He speaks English as well as her.

正:His English is as good as hers.

(2)  用于引申义,两者的意思很不相同:as good as  意为几乎差不多”(almost) as well as  意为而且 。如:

The work is as good as finished.  工作差不多干完了。

He as good as said I’m a liar.  他无异于说我撒谎。

We’re as good as ruined.  我们差不多完蛋了。

She’s clever as well as beautiful.  她不但漂亮,而且聪明。

Mary as well as her friends is going to Paris.  玛丽和她的朋友要去巴黎。

As well as breaking his leg, he hurt his arm.  他不但摔断了腿,  而且还伤了胳膊。

 

 

 

 

happen, occur & take place

三者均可表示发生 ,区别如下:

1. happen  和 occur  通常指未经准备地发生或偶然地发生,两者常可换用,只是后者比前者更正式。如:

The accident happened [occurred] at about 10.  事故大约发生在 10  点钟。

表示某一事的发生是因为另一事的结果,通常用 happen 。如:

What happened when you told her the news?  你告诉她这个消息时,她有何反应?

两者之后均可接介词 to ,但含义不同:happen to  表示某事发生某人身上,occur to  表示某人想起了某事。如:

What happend to you (the radio)?  你( 收音机) 怎么样了?

She hoped nothing bad would happen to him.  她希望不会有什么不幸的事发生在他头上。

A good idea occurred to me.  我想起了一个好主意。

It never occurred to her to ask anyone.  她从未想到去问问别人。

2. take place  通常指预先安排好要发生的事,因此在汉语中除译为发生外,还通常译为举行 。如:

The meeting will take place on Sunday.  会议星期日举行。

Great clanges have taken place here since last year.  自去年以来,这里发生了巨大的变化。

3.  三者表示发生 都是不及物动词,因此既不能带宾语,也不能用于被动语态。如:

事故是怎样发生的?

误:How was the accident happened [occurred]?

正:How did the accident happen [occur]?

 4  年举行一次选举。

误:Elections are taken place every four years.

正:Elections take place every four years.

 

healthy & healthful

1. healthy  有两个意思,一是指健康的,二是指有益于健康的 ,有时用于比喻义。如:

Look at the healthy children.  你瞧这些健康的孩子。

That book is not healthy reading for children.  那本书供小孩读不健康。

2. healthful  在现代英语中通常只表示有益于健康的 。如:

Doing morning exercises is very healthful.  做早操对健康很有益。

Why don’t you eat such healthful [healthy] foods?  你为什么不吃那些有益于健康的食物?